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The Indian Ocean Geoid Low (IOGL), a significant gravitational anomaly, has puzzled scientists for decades. Research suggests it formed due to interactions between tectonic plates and mantle plumes over millions of years. This depression in Earth's geoid provides insights into the planet's interior dynamics, mass distribution, and geological history, influencing sea levels and satellite trajectories.

In East Africa's Afar Depression, scientists have discovered that fresh lava from deep within the Earth's mantle is driving the continent's split. The mantle upwellings pulse with distinct chemical signatures, fueling volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. This activity weakens the crust, potentially leading to a new ocean separating the Horn of Africa.