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In 1925, Edwin Hubble's observation of Cepheid variables in the Andromeda galaxy revolutionized astronomy, proving the existence of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. This discovery, aided by telescopes like the Hooker and Hubble, transformed our understanding of the cosmos, leading to modern cosmology and inspiring research into cosmic expansion and galaxy formation.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt worked as a Harvard “computer” earning just 30 cents an hour, yet her groundbreaking discovery of the period-luminosity relationship transformed astronomy. Her work enabled scientists to measure cosmic distances and understand the expanding universe. Despite this monumental contribution, Leavitt never received a Nobel Prize during her lifetime, highlighting the challenges faced by women in science.